Mitochondrial DNA methylation in metabolic associated fatty liver disease.

Introduction: Hepatic lipid accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction are hallmarks of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), yet molecular parameters underlying MAFLD progression are not well understood. Differential methylation within the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been suggested to be associated with dysfunctional mitochondria, also during progression to Metabolic Steatohepatitis (MeSH). This study further investigates whether mtDNA methylation is associated with hepatic lipid accumulation and MAFLD. Methods: HepG2 cells were constructed to stably express mitochondria-targeted viral and prokaryotic cytosine DNA methyltransferases (mtM.CviPI or mtM.SssI for GpC or CpG methylation, respectively). A catalytically inactive variant (mtM.CviPI-Mut) was constructed as a control. Mouse and human patients' samples were also investigated. mtDNA methylation was assessed by pyro- or nanopore sequencing. Results and discussion: Differentially induced mtDNA hypermethylation impaired mitochondrial gene expression and metabolic activity in HepG2-mtM.CviPI and HepG2-mtM.SssI cells and was associated with increased lipid accumulation, when compared to the controls. To test whether lipid accumulation causes mtDNA methylation, HepG2 cells were subjected to 1 or 2 weeks of fatty acid treatment, but no clear differences in mtDNA methylation were detected. In contrast, hepatic Nd6 mitochondrial gene body cytosine methylation and Nd6 gene expression were increased in mice fed a high-fat high cholesterol diet (HFC for 6 or 20 weeks), when compared to controls, while mtDNA content was unchanged. For patients with simple steatosis, a higher ND6 methylation was confirmed using Methylation Specific PCR, but no additional distinctive cytosines could be identified using pyrosequencing. This study warrants further investigation into a role for mtDNA methylation in promoting mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired lipid metabolism in MAFLD.

Gene-Targeted DNA Methylation: Towards Long-Lasting Reprogramming of Gene Expression?

DNA methylation is an essential epigenetic mark, strongly associated with gene expression regulation. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns underlie various diseases and efforts to intervene with DNA methylation signatures are of great clinical interest. Technological developments to target writers or erasers of DNA methylation to specific genomic loci by epigenetic editing resulted in successful gene expression modulation, also in in vivo models. Application of epigenetic editing in human health could have a huge impact, but clinical translation is still challenging. Despite successes for a wide variety of genes, not all genes mitotically maintain their (de)methylation signatures after editing, and reprogramming requires further understanding of chromatin context-dependency. In addition, difficulties of current delivery systems and off-target effects are hurdles to be tackled. The present review describes findings towards effective and sustained DNA (de)methylation by epigenetic editing and discusses the need for multi-effector approaches to achieve highly efficient long-lasting reprogramming.

Detection of hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in wastewater by an electrochemical genosensor.

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is an etiologic agent of hepatitis worldwide. HEV genotype 3 is the most prevalent in non-endemic regions, identified in humans, pigs and environmental samples. Thus, considering the zoonotic nature of HEV genotype 3, viral genome detection in wastewater concerns public health authorities. Electrochemical biosensors are promising analytical tools for viral genome detection in outside settings. This work reports on a highly specific, sensitive and portable electrochemical genosensor to detect HEV genotype 3 in wastewater samples. Based on the alignment analysis of HEV genotype 3 genome sequences available in GenBank, highly specific DNA target probes were designed to hybridize a target sequence within the ORF2/ORF3 overlapping genome region of HEV in between a biotinylated capture probe and a signal probe labeled with digoxigenin, in a sandwich-type format. An anti-Dig antibody labeled with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme allowed electrochemical detection. The specificity of the target molecular probes of the viral genome was determined before the biosensor assembly by in silico analysis, PCR and qPCR assays demonstrating efficient amplification of two targets, i.e., nucleotides 5338-5373 and 5328-5373, but this last one of higher performance. The electrochemical response of the genosensor with synthetic HEV was target concentration-dependent in a linear range from 300 pM to 2.4 nM, with a sensitivity of 16.93 µA/nM, a LOD 1.2 pM and high reproducibility. The genosensor response was differential when interrogated with the HEV genotype 3 viral genomes from wastewater against other four viruses. Therefore, the approach offers a step forward to the epidemiologic surveillance of viruses in wastewater as an early warning system.

Ruthenium Complex Induce Cell Death in G-415 Gallbladder Cancer Cells.

PURPOSE: In this work, we present a recently developed ruthenium complex that shows anticancer activity in gallbladder cancer cells. METHODS: After the synthesis of the new ruthenium complexes, the antiproliferative, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis activities were evaluated in vitro by the triple assay ApoTox-Glo. Then, the transcription levels of genes related to apoptosis were evaluated by real-time PCR (q-PCR). RESULTS: The ruthenium complex, called Ru-UCN3, inhibits the proliferation of gallbladder cancer cells G-415 by means of apoptosis, which was demonstrated by the overexpression of the pro-apoptotic genes Puma, Diablo, and Caspasa-9 together with the repression of the anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. In addition, we found strong caspase 3/7 activity in the cells at 24 h of the Ru-UCN3 exposure, which was evaluated by the triple ApoTox-Glo assay. CONCLUSION: The new ruthenium complexes evaluated had an inhibitory effect on G-415 cells. We think that Ru-UCN3 could be a promising anticancer agent, which should be explored with more in vitro and in vivo assays and probably with the chemical modulation of this molecule.

[Human Pegivirus: Pathogenic potential and non-Hodgkin lymphoma development risk]. / Pegivirus humano: Potencial patogénico y riesgo de desarrollo de linfoma no Hodgkin.

The human pegivirus (HPgV), classified in the Flaviviridae family - Pegivirus genus, is an RNA virus identified in 1995. HPgV is a lymphotrophic virus, with replication sites in bone marrow and lymphoid tissue, as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Transmission is through sexual and parenteral routes, and recent estimations suggest nearly 750 million people are infected with HPgV worldwide. Almost 25% of infected individuals can develop persistent infection. Until now, HPgV has been considered a non-pathogenic virus; however, epidemiological studies suggest a potential role in lymphoproliferative diseases, particularly in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The evidence of this is controversial and the role of HPgV in lymphomagenesis has not yet been demonstrated. Several studies report a high prevalence of HPgV infection in patients with NHL compared to controls and patients with other hematological diseases. Therefore, analytic studies show that HPgV could be related to an increased risk of NHL development. Conversely, other studies indicate no association between HPgV and NHL, so the role of HPgV in lymphomagenesis is not clear. This review summarizes the main findings related to HPgV's pathogenic potential and association with NHL.

Antiproliferative Effects of Epigenetic Modifier Drugs Through E-cadherin Up-regulation in Liver Cancer Cell Lines.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Epigenetic alterations play an essential role in cancer onset and progression, thus studies of drugs targeting the epigenetic machinery are a principal concern for cancer treatment. Here, we evaluated the potential of the combination of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5aza-dC) and the pan-deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA), at low cytotoxic concentrations, to modulate the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in liver cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pyrosequencing was used for DNA methylation analyses of LINE-1 sequences and the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway antagonist DKK3, SFRP1, WIF1 and CDH1. qRT-PCR was employed to verify the expression of the antagonist. Pathway regulation were evaluated looking at the expression of ß-catenin and E-cadherin by confocal microscopy and the antitumoral effects of the drugs was studied by wound healing and clonogenic assays. RESULTS: Our result suggest that 5aza-dC and TSA treatments were enough to induce a significant expression of the pathway antagonists, decrease of ß-catenin protein levels, re-localization of the protein to the plasma membrane, and pathway transcriptional activity reduction. These important effects exerted an antitumoral outcome shown by the reduction of the migration and clonogenic capabilities of the cells. CONCLUSION: We were able to demonstrate Wnt/ ß-catenin pathway modulation through E-cadherin up-regulation induced by 5aza-dC and TSA treatments, under an activation-pathway background, like CTNNB1 and TP53 mutations. These findings provide evidences of the potential effect of epigenetic modifier drugs for liver cancer treatment. However, further research needs to be conducted, to determine the in vivo potential of this treatment regimen for the management of liver cancer.

Pegivirus humano: potencial patogénico y riesgo de desarrollo de linfoma no Hodgkin / Human Pegivirus: pathogenic potential and non-Hodgkin lymphoma development risk

Resumen El pegivirus humano (HPgV) es un virus ARN que fue identificado en el año 1995. Actualmente se encuentra clasificado dentro de la familia Flaviviridae, género Pegivirus, relacionado filogenéticamente con el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC). El HPgV es un virus linfotrópico, con replicación en médula ósea, tejidos linfoides, y en células mononucleares de sangre periférica. Este virus se transmite por vía parenteral y sexual. Según estimaciones realizadas, en el mundo existen alrededor de 750 millones de personas infectadas por este agente. Se ha evidenciado que hasta en 25% de los casos se presenta una infección persistente, y aunque se considera que el HPgV es un virus no patogénico, existen evidencias epidemiológicas que sugieren una relación con el desarrollo de desórdenes linfoproliferativos, particularmente linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH). Algunos estudios han reportado una alta prevalencia de HPgV en pacientes con LNH comparado con donantes de sangre y/o pacientes con enfermedades hematológicas no malignas, lo que se asocia a un incremento en el riesgo relativo para el desarrollo de LNH en personas infectadas. De otra parte, existen estudios epidemiológicos que contradicen esta asociación, por lo que el rol de HPgV en la aparición de desórdenes lifoproliferativos es un tema actual de debate. En el presente manuscrito se discute el potencial patogénico derivado de los mecanismos de infección persistente del HPgV, así como las principales evidencias sobre la relación entre el HPgV y el riesgo de desarrollo de LNH.

The human pegivirus (HPgV), classified in the Flaviviridae family - Pegivirus genus, is an RNA virus identified in 1995. HPgV is a lymphotrophic virus, with replication sites in bone marrow and lymphoid tissue, as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Transmission is through sexual and parenteral routes, and recent estimations suggest nearly 750 million people are infected with HPgV worldwide. Almost 25% of infected individuals can develop persistent infection. Until now, HPgV has been considered a non-pathogenic virus; however, epidemiological studies suggest a potential role in lymphoproliferative diseases, particularly in the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The evidence of this is controversial and the role of HPgV in lymphomagenesis has not yet been demonstrated. Several studies report a high prevalence of HPgV infection in patients with NHL compared to controls and patients with other hematological diseases. Therefore, analytic studies show that HPgV could be related to an increased risk of NHL development. Conversely, other studies indicate no association between HPgV and NHL, so the role of HPgV in lymphomagenesis is not clear. This review summarizes the main findings related to HPgV's pathogenic potential and association with NHL.

Accurate Region-of-Interest Recovery Improves the Measurement of the Cell Migration Rate in the In Vitro Wound Healing Assay.

The wound healing assay is widely used for the quantitative analysis of highly regulated cellular events. In this essay, a wound is voluntarily produced on a confluent cell monolayer, and then the rate of wound reduction (WR) is characterized by processing images of the same regions of interest (ROIs) recorded at different time intervals. In this method, sharp-image ROI recovery is indispensable to compensate for displacements of the cell cultures due either to the exploration of multiple sites of the same culture or to transfers from the microscope stage to a cell incubator. ROI recovery is usually done manually and, despite a low-magnification microscope objective is generally used (10x), repositioning imperfections constitute a major source of errors detrimental to the WR measurement accuracy. We address this ROI recovery issue by using pseudoperiodic patterns fixed onto the cell culture dishes, allowing the easy localization of ROIs and the accurate quantification of positioning errors. The method is applied to a tumor-derived cell line, and the WR rates are measured by means of two different image processing software. Sharp ROI recovery based on the proposed method is found to improve significantly the accuracy of the WR measurement and the positioning under the microscope.

Molecular characterization of occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with end-stage liver disease in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) occult infection (OBI) is a risk factor to be taken into account in transfusion, hemodialysis and organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize at the molecular level OBI cases in patients with end-stage liver disease. METHODS: Sixty-six liver samples were obtained from patients with diagnosis of end-stage liver disease submitted to liver transplantation in Medellin (North West, Colombia). Samples obtained from patients who were negative for the surface antigen of HBV (n = 50) were tested for viral DNA detection by nested PCR for ORFs S, C, and X and confirmed by Southern-Blot. OBI cases were analyzed by sequencing the viral genome to determine the genotype and mutations; additionally, viral genome integration events were examined by the Alu-PCR technique. RESULTS: In five cases out of 50 patients (10%) the criteria for OBI was confirmed. HBV genotype F (subgenotypes F1 and F3), genotype A and genotype D were characterized in liver samples. Three integration events in chromosomes 5q14.1, 16p13 and 20q12 affecting Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase T, Ras Protein Specific Guanine Nucleotide Releasing Factor 2, and the zinc finger 263 genes were identified in two OBI cases. Sequence analysis of the viral genome of the 5 OBI cases showed several punctual missense and nonsense mutations affecting ORFs S, P, Core and X. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first characterization of OBI in patients with end-stage liver disease in Colombia. The OBI cases were identified in patients with HCV infection or cryptogenic cirrhosis. The integration events (5q14.1, 16p13 and 20q12) described in this study have not been previously reported. Further studies are required to validate the role of mutations and integration events in OBI pathogenesis.

Bio-EdIP: An automatic approach for in vitro cell confluence images quantification.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cell imaging is a widely-employed technique to analyze multiple biological processes. Therefore, simple, accurate and quantitative tools are needed to understand cellular events. For this purpose, Bio-EdIP was developed as a user-friendly tool to quantify confluence levels using cell culture images. METHODS: The proposed algorithm combines a pre-processing step with subsequent stages that involve local processing techniques and a morphological reconstruction-based segmentation algorithm. Segmentation performance was assessed in three constructed image sets, comparing F-measure scores and AUC values (ROC analysis) for Bio-EdIP, its previous version and TScratch. Furthermore, segmentation results were compared with published algorithms using eight public benchmarks. RESULTS: Bio-EdIP automatically segmented cell-free regions from images of in vitro cell culture. Based on mean F-measure scores and ROC analysis, Bio-EdIP conserved a high performance regardless of image characteristics of the constructed dataset, when compared with its previous version and TScratch. Although acquisition quality of the public dataset affected Bio-EdIP segmentation, performance was better in two out of eight public sets. CONCLUSIONS: Bio-EdIP is a user-friendly interface, which is useful for the automatic analysis of confluence levels and cell growth processes using in vitro cell culture images. Here, we also presented new manually annotated data for algorithms evaluation.

Actividad antitumoral de la curcumina asociada a la regulación de mecanismos epigenéticos: implicaciones en la vía Wnt/-catenina / Antitumor activity of curcumin associated with regulation of epigenetic mechanisms: implications for the Wnt/-catenin pathway

Introducción: la curcumina es el principal compuesto polifenólico bioactivo de la planta Curcuma longa. Esta molécula ha mostrado efectos antioxidantes, anti-inflamatorios y anticancerígenos en diferentes modelos experimentales. Como parte de su actividad benéfica en células tumorales, se le ha asociado con la regulación de mecanismos epigenéticos, modulando así diferentes vías de señalización, entre ellas la vía Wnt/ß-catenina, la cual juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de cáncer. Objetivos: describir los avances científicos en el estudio de la actividad anti-cancerígena de la curcumina en relación a la modulación de mecanismos epigenéticos y su implicación en la vía Wnt/ß-catenina. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus y ScienceDirect, utilizando los siguientes criterios de búsqueda: curcumina, epigenética, Wnt/ß-catenina y cáncer. Se incluyeron artículos con importancia científica entre los años 2001-2016, que exploraran la actividad inhibitoria de la curcumina sobre la maquinaria epigenética y/o que evidenciaran un efecto regulador sobre alteraciones en la vía Wnt/ß-catenina. Resultados: se encontró en la literatura una creciente evidencia que involucra a la curcumina con la inhibición de la actividad de enzimas ADN metiltransferasas, acetiltransferasas y desacetilasas de histonas, y por ende en la regulación de alteraciones epigenéticas. Esto lleva a la re-expresión de genes silenciados en diversos tipos de cáncer, lo cual le confiere una actividad antitumoral asociada a la regulación de vías de señalización. En este contexto, se ha demostrado que la curcumina actúa sobre componentes de la vía Wnt/ß-catenina e incluso regula su actividad mediante la desmetilación de antagonistas de Wnt. Conclusiones: este manuscrito discute los potenciales efectos quimiopreventivos de la curcumina asociados con restauración de los mecanismos epigenéticos y la vía de señalización Wnt/ß-catenina(AU)

Introduction: Curcumin is the main bioactive polyphenolic compound in the plant Curcuma longa. This molecule has displayed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity in various experimental models. Its beneficial effect on tumor cells has been associated with the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms, modulating various signaling pathways, among them the Wnt/-catenin pathway, which plays a fundamental role in cancer development. Objectives: Describe the scientific progress achieved in the study of the anti-cancer activity of curcumin in relation to the modulation of epigenetic mechanisms and its implication for the Wnt/?-catenin pathway. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect, using the search terms curcumin, epigenetics, Wnt/?-catenin and cancer. Papers were included which had scientific relevance, had been published between 2001 and 2016, explored the inhibitory activity of curcumin on the epigenetic machinery and/or presented evidence of a regulatory effect on alterations in the Wnt/?-catenin pathway. Results: Growing evidence was found in the literature associating curcumin with inhibition of the activity of the enzymes histone deacetylases, acetyltransferases and DNA methyltransferases, and therefore regulation of epigenetic alterations. This leads to re-expression of silenced genes in various cancer types, granting it antitumor activity associated with the regulation of signaling pathways. In this context, it has been proved that curcumin acts upon components of the Wnt/?-catenin pathway and even regulates their activity through demethylation of Wnt antagonists. Conclusions: The paper discusses the potential chemopreventive effects of curcumin associated with restoration of epigenetic mechanisms and the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway(AU)

Infección oculta por el virus de la hepatitis B en pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático / Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Liver Transplant Patients

Introducción: la infección oculta por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) se caracteriza por la presencia del genoma viral en suero y/o tejido hepático de individuos negativos para el antígeno de superficie HBsAg. La infección oculta se ha asociado con el desarrollo de cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular. Objetivo: identificar casos de infección oculta por el VHB en pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis y carcinoma hepatocelular, sometidos a trasplante hepático. Materiales y métodos: entre febrero de 2013 y marzo de 2014 fueron obtenidas muestras de explante hepático provenientes de pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis y/o carcinoma hepatocelular. Se detectó el genoma del VHB mediante amplificación de tres regiones del genoma viral (S, Core y X). Las muestras positivas se confirmaron por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real para la región S. Resultados: se analizaron 15 muestras de tejido hepático, y en dos (13,3%) se detectó el genoma del VHB mediante PCR anidada para la región S y por PCR semianidada para la región X, resultado confirmado por PCR en tiempo real. Estas muestras provenían de pacientes negativos para los marcadores serológicos de infección por el VHB, anti-HBc y anti-HBs. Conclusión: la frecuencia de infección oculta reportada en este estudio es similar a lo reportado en Brasil en muestras de biopsias obtenidas de pacientes con hepatitis crónica. Estudios adicionales son necesarios para estimar la frecuencia de infección oculta por VHB (OBI) en pacientes con hepatopatías terminales en Colombia

Introduction: Occult hepatitis B virus infection is characterized by the presence of the viral genome in serum and/or liver tissue from individuals who test negative for the HBsAg surface antigen. Occult infection has been associated with the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify cases of occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver transplantation. Materials and methods: Between February 2013 and March 2014 hepatic explant samples were obtained from patients with cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The hepatitis B virus genome was detected by amplification of three regions of the viral genome (S, Core and X). Positive samples were confirmed by real-time PCR for the S region. Results: Fifteen hepatic tissue samples were analyzed. The genome of the hepatitis B virus was detected in two (13.3%) samples by nested PCR for the S region and by semi-nested PCR for region X. The results were confirmed by real-time PCR. These samples came from patients who had tested negative for anti-HBc and anti-HBs serological markers for hepatitis B virus infection. Conclusion: The frequency of occult infection reported in this study is similar to that reported in Brazil in biopsy specimens obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis. Additional studies are needed to estimate the frequency of occult hepatitis B in patients with end-stage liver disease in Colombia

Actividad antitumoral de la curcumina asociada a la regulación de mecanismos epigenéticos: implicaciones en la vía Wnt/-catenina / Antitumor activity of curcumin associated with regulation of epigenetic mechanisms: implications for the Wnt/-catenin pathway

Introducción: la curcumina es el principal compuesto polifenólico bioactivo de la planta Curcuma longa. Esta molécula ha mostrado efectos antioxidantes, anti-inflamatorios y anticancerígenos en diferentes modelos experimentales. Como parte de su actividad benéfica en células tumorales, se le ha asociado con la regulación de mecanismos epigenéticos, modulando así diferentes vías de señalización, entre ellas la vía Wnt/ß-catenina, la cual juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de cáncer. Objetivos: describir los avances científicos en el estudio de la actividad anti-cancerígena de la curcumina en relación a la modulación de mecanismos epigenéticos y su implicación en la vía Wnt/ß-catenina. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus y ScienceDirect, utilizando los siguientes criterios de búsqueda: curcumina, epigenética, Wnt/ß-catenina y cáncer. Se incluyeron artículos con importancia científica entre los años 2001-2016, que exploraran la actividad inhibitoria de la curcumina sobre la maquinaria epigenética y/o que evidenciaran un efecto regulador sobre alteraciones en la vía Wnt/ß-catenina. Resultados: se encontró en la literatura una creciente evidencia que involucra a la curcumina con la inhibición de la actividad de enzimas ADN metiltransferasas, acetiltransferasas y desacetilasas de histonas, y por ende en la regulación de alteraciones epigenéticas. Esto lleva a la re-expresión de genes silenciados en diversos tipos de cáncer, lo cual le confiere una actividad antitumoral asociada a la regulación de vías de señalización. En este contexto, se ha demostrado que la curcumina actúa sobre componentes de la vía Wnt/ß-catenina e incluso regula su actividad mediante la desmetilación de antagonistas de Wnt. Conclusiones: este manuscrito discute los potenciales efectos quimiopreventivos de la curcumina asociados con restauración de los mecanismos epigenéticos y la vía de señalización Wnt/ß-catenina(AU)

Introduction: Curcumin is the main bioactive polyphenolic compound in the plant Curcuma longa. This molecule has displayed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity in various experimental models. Its beneficial effect on tumor cells has been associated with the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms, modulating various signaling pathways, among them the Wnt/-catenin pathway, which plays a fundamental role in cancer development. Objectives: Describe the scientific progress achieved in the study of the anti-cancer activity of curcumin in relation to the modulation of epigenetic mechanisms and its implication for the Wnt/?-catenin pathway. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect, using the search terms curcumin, epigenetics, Wnt/?-catenin and cancer. Papers were included which had scientific relevance, had been published between 2001 and 2016, explored the inhibitory activity of curcumin on the epigenetic machinery and/or presented evidence of a regulatory effect on alterations in the Wnt/?-catenin pathway. Results: Growing evidence was found in the literature associating curcumin with inhibition of the activity of the enzymes histone deacetylases, acetyltransferases and DNA methyltransferases, and therefore regulation of epigenetic alterations. This leads to re-expression of silenced genes in various cancer types, granting it antitumor activity associated with the regulation of signaling pathways. In this context, it has been proved that curcumin acts upon components of the Wnt/?-catenin pathway and even regulates their activity through demethylation of Wnt antagonists. Conclusions: The paper discusses the potential chemopreventive effects of curcumin associated with restoration of epigenetic mechanisms and the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway(AU)

Evidence of the circulation of hepatitis A virus, subgenotype IA, in environmental samples from Antioquia, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important pathogen, typically transmitted via the faecal-oral route. The epidemiology of the infection is directly related to drinking water access and adequate disposal of sewage water.  OBJECTIVE: To determine the presence and identify the genotype of HAV in environmental samples from eight municipalities and two villages in Antioquia, northwestern Colombia.  MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three serial samplings were done between December, 2012, and April, 2014. Water samples were obtained from drinking water plants prior to treatment, as well as from the main reserve of wastewater in each municipality included in the study. Viral concentrations for the two types of sample sources were determined by filtration/tangential ultrafiltration and polyethyleneglycol plus flocculation with skimmed milk, respectively. Total ARN was subsequently obtained from each sample and the VP3-VP1 region amplified for detection of the viral genome. The genotype was determined by amplification of the VP1-2B region.  RESULTS: The HAV genome was detected in samples from drinking water plants at Puerto Berrío, Frontino and Nutibara, and in wastewater samples from the municipalities of Arboletes, Zaragoza and Venecia. HAV subgenotype IA was identified using phylogenetic analysis.  CONCLUSION: In this study, HAV was identified in 6.6% of the samples from drinking water plants and 13.3% of wastewater samples. This is the first report of HAV subgenotype IA circulating in environmental samples from Antioquia.

Frecuencia de anticuerpos contra el virus de la hepatitis E en donantes de sangre del municipio de Yarumal, Antioquia / Frequency of Antibodies to Hepatitis E In Blood Donors in the Municipality of Yarumal, Antioquia

Introducción: el virus de la Hepatitis E (VHE), transmitido por la ruta fecal-oral, causa enfermedad hepática aguda. En Colombia se han realizado algunos estudios en pacientes con diagnóstico de hepatitis viral, en trabajadores de fincas porcícolas, en población porcina y en muestras ambientales. Objetivo: evaluar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-VHE en muestras de donantes de sangre del municipio de Yarumal, departamento de Antioquia. Metodología: se obtuvieron muestras de suero de donantes de sangre colectadas por la Cruz Roja Colombiana en una campaña de donación voluntaria en el municipio de Yarumal. En las muestras se determinó la presencia de anticuerpos anti-VHE tipo IgM e IgG mediante estuche comercial de ELISA. Resultados: se analizaron 42 muestras de suero, 19 de las cuales (45,2%) fueron positivas para anticuerpos anti-VHE IgG. Ninguna de las muestras fue positiva para anticuerpos anti-VHE tipo IgM. Conclusiones: este es el primer reporte de anticuerpos anti-VHE en donantes de sangre en Colombia. La frecuencia de anti-VHE (45,2%) es mayor a lo reportado previamente en otros estudios realizados en el país y a lo reportado en donantes de sangre en otros países de América Latina. Esta frecuencia podría estar relacionada con el contacto con cerdos infectados, así como con la exposición a agua contaminada con el virus. Sin embargo, estudios adicionales deben ser realizados en otras poblaciones similares en el país para confirmar este hallazgo.

Introduction: The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and causes acute liver disease. In Colombia there have been some studies of patients who have been diagnosed with viral hepatitis, of swine farm workers and in environmental samples. Objective: The objective of this study was evaluate samples from blood donors in the municipality of Yarumal in the department of Antioquia for the presence of anti-HEV antibodies. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from blood donated to the Colombian Red Cross by blood donors on a voluntary basis in a campaign in the municipality of Yarumal. Samples in the presence of anti-HEV IgM and IgG ELISA using commercial kit was determined.Results: Forty-two serum samples were analyzed: 19 (45.2%) were positive for anti-HEV IgG. None of the samples were positive for anti-HEV IgM. Conclusions: This is the first report of anti-HEV antibodies in blood donors in Colombia. The frequency of anti-HEV (45.2%) is higher than previously reported in other studies in this country and in blood donors in other Latin American countries. This frequency may be linked to contact with infected pigs and to exposure to water contaminated with the virus. However, additional studies should be conducted in similar populations in the country to confirm this finding

Analysis of hepatitis B virus genotypes by restriction fragment length polymorphism / Análisis de genotipos del virus de la hepatitis B mediante el análisis de polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción

Introduction: Ten viral genotypes (A-J) distributed in all continents have been described for hepatitis B virus (HBV). One of the methodologies for determining the viral genotype is the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique, a simple and relatively inexpensive method, albeit with some limitations. Objective: The initial objective of the project was to identify the HBV genotypes by RFLP in serum samples obtained from patients and blood donors. However, due to the discrepancies of RFLP patterns it was also necessary to perform phylogenetic genotyping and in silico analysis of HBV sequences. Materials and methods: We obtained 56 serum samples. DNA extraction was followed by PCR amplification of a fragment of HBV ORF S. We analyzed PCR products by RFLP with Alw I, Bsr I, Cfr I, Hpa II and Sty I, and we sequenced some. We compared the patterns obtained with those in previous reports. We also performed RFLP analysis in silico since we found differences between the patterns expected and those obtained. Results: We identified genotypes A and F, subgenotype F3, in the samples. This result is in agreement with those of previous studies carried out in Colombia; indeed, subgenotype F3 is the most frequent in the Andean region of the country, while genotype A is the most frequent HBV genotype in the western region (department of Chocó). Based on the in silico analysis of 229 HBV sequences from GenBank and 11 sequences of this study, we identified the RLFP pattern for genotype F, subgenotype F3, and we described some modifications of genotype A RFLP patterns. Conclusions: We identified the single nucleotide polymorphism pattern for genotype F, subgenotype F3, by in silico analysis and sequencing. Further robust in silico analyses are necessary to validate the RFLP patterns of HBV genotype and subgenotypes.

Introducción. Se han descrito diez genotipos (A-J) del virus de la hepatitis B (HBV) que están distribuidos en todos los continentes. Una de las técnicas utilizadas para determinar el genotipo viral es el análisis del polimorfismo de longitud de los fragmentos de restricción, un método simple y económico, pero con algunas limitaciones. Objetivo. El objetivo inicial del estudio fue identificar el genotipo del HBV mediante RFLP en muestras de suero obtenidas de pacientes y donantes de sangre. Sin embargo, por las discrepancias observadas en los patrones de RFLP fue necesario realizar análisis filogenéticos y un análisis in silico de secuencias del HBV. Materiales y métodos. Se obtuvieron 56 muestras de suero. Tras la extracción de ADN, se amplificó un fragmento del ORF S del HBV mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, cuyos productos se analizaron por RFLP con las enzimas Alw I, Bsr I, Cfr I, Hpa II y Sty I, y algunos se secuenciaron. Los patrones obtenidos se compararon con los reportados previamente. Se efectuó un análisis in silico de RFLP en consideración de las diferencias entre los patrones esperados y los observados. Resultados. Se identificaron los genotipos A y F, subgenotipo F3, en las muestras. Este resultado coincide con lo descrito en estudios previos en los que se ha demostrado que el genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, es prevalente en la población de la región andina del país, en tanto que el genotipo A predomina en el occidente (departamento del Chocó). Con base en el análisis in silico de 229 secuencias virales obtenidas del GenBank y las 11 secuencias de este estudio, se caracterizó un nuevo patrón de RFLP específico para el genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, y se describieron algunas modificaciones en el patrón de RFLP del genotipo A, subgenotipo A1. Conclusiones. Se caracterizó el patrón de genotipificación del genotipo F, subgenotipo F3, del HBV mediante RFLP, análisis in silico y secuenciación. Se requieren nuevos análisis in silico con un número mayor de secuencias para validar los patrones de RFLP de los genotipos y subgenotipos del VHB.

Evidencia de circulación del virus de la hepatitis A, subgenotipo IA, en muestras ambientales en Antioquia, Colombia / Evidence of the circulation of hepatitis A virus, subgenotype IA, in environmental samples from Antioquia, Colombia

Introducción. El virus de la hepatitis A (HAV) es un importante patógeno que se transmite por vía fecal-oral. La epidemiología de la infección está directamente relacionada con el acceso de la población al agua potable y con la infraestructura de alcantarillado. Objetivo. Determinar la presencia del HAV e identificar el genotipo en muestras de agua de abastecimiento y agua residual en ocho municipios, un corregimiento y una vereda del departamento de Antioquia, noroccidente de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hicieron tres muestreos seriados de diciembre de 2012 a abril de 2014 en la fuente principal de abastecimiento de los acueductos y en el principal vertimiento de aguas residuales de cada municipio. Las muestras se concentraron por filtración y ultrafiltración tangencial, y por las técnicas de polietilenglicol y floculación con leche descremada, respectivamente. A partir del ARN total de cada muestra, se amplificaron la región VP3-VP1 para la detección del genoma viral y la región VP1-2B para la genotipificación. Resultados. El genoma del HAV se detectó en las fuentes de agua de abastecimiento de Puerto Berrío, Frontino y Nutibara, y en las muestras de aguas residuales provenientes de los municipios de Arboletes, Zaragoza y Venecia. Mediante el análisis de las secuencias se identificó el subgenotipo IA del virus. Conclusión. Este estudio permitió detectar la presencia del HAV en 6,6 % de las muestras de agua de abastecimiento y en 13,3 % de las muestras de agua residual de los municipios en estudio. Se reporta por primera vez la circulación del subgenotipo IA en muestras ambientales en Antioquia.

Introduction: Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important pathogen, typically transmitted via the faecal-oral route. The epidemiology of the infection is directly related to drinking water access and adequate disposal of sewage water. Objective: To determine the presence and identify the genotype of HAV in environmental samples from eight municipalities and two villages in Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. Materials and methods: Three serial samplings were done between December, 2012, and April, 2014. Water samples were obtained from drinking water plants prior to treatment, as well as from the main reserve of wastewater in each municipality included in the study. Viral concentrations for the two types of sample sources were determined by filtration/tangential ultrafiltration and polyethyleneglycol plus flocculation with skimmed milk, respectively. Total ARN was subsequently obtained from each sample and the VP3-VP1 region amplified for detection of the viral genome. The genotype was determined by amplification of the VP1-2B region. Results: The HAV genome was detected in samples from drinking water plants at Puerto Berrío, Frontino and Nutibara, and in wastewater samples from the municipalities of Arboletes, Zaragoza and Venecia. HAV subgenotype IA was identified using phylogenetic analysis. Conclusion: In this study, HAV was identified in 6.6% of the samples from drinking water plants and 13.3% of wastewater samples. This is the first report of HAV subgenotype IA circulating in environmental samples from Antioquia.

Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Colombia: Survey in Patients with Clinical Diagnosis of Viral Hepatitis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus is a major cause of outbreaks as well as sporadic hepatitis cases worldwide. The epidemiology of this enterically transmitted infection differs between developing and developed countries. The aims of this study were to describe HEV infection in Colombian patients and to characterize the genotype. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out on 40 patients aged over 15 with a clinical diagnosis of viral hepatitis, recruited from five primary health units in the city of Medellin, Colombia. Fecal samples obtained from the 40 consecutives cases were analyzed for HEV RNA using nested reverse transcription PCR for both ORF1 and ORF2-3. The amplicons were sequenced for phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS: Nine (22.5%) cases of HEV infection were identified in the study population. Three HEV strains obtained from patients were classified as genotype 3. No significant association was found between cases of Hepatitis E and the variables water drinking source, garbage collection system and contact with pigs. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective study of hepatitis E in Colombian patients. The circulation of the genotype 3 in this population is predictable considering the reports of the region and the identification of this genotype from pigs in the state of Antioquia, of which Medellin is the capital. Further studies are necessary to establish whether zoonotic transmission of HEV is important in Colombia.

Plantas afrodisíacas como potenciales capacitantes de espermatozoides humanos / Plantas afrodisíacas como potenciais capacitantes de espermatozoides humanos / Aphrodisiac plants as human spermatozoa capacitants

El uso de productos naturales ha impactado diversos aspectos de la medicina incluyendo la salud sexual y repreductiva, con efectos deletéreos sobre los espermatozoides o afrodisiacos Se ha evaluado el efecto de diversas plantas afrodisiacas sobre los mecanismos del desempeño sexual y la calidad de los espermatozoides, lo que permite plantear que extractos de las mismas podrian facilitar la capacitación espermática. En esta revisión bibliográfica se reportan los usos farmacológicos y tradicionales de 20 plantas consideradas tradicionalmente afrodisiacas que podrian ser utilizadas como agentes naturales con efecto capacitante sobre espermatozoides humanos (AU)

O uso de produtos naturais tem tido impacto em diversos aspectos da medicina, incluindo a saude sexual e reprodutiva, tanto pelos potenciais efeitos nocivos sobre os espermatozoides como atraves do use de afrodisiacos. Estudou-se o efeito de varias plantas afrodisiacas sobre os mecanismos de desempenho sexual e qualidade das células espermaticas, para avaliar a possibilidadede melhoria da capacitagao dos espermatozoides. Neste revisao da literatura sao relatados os uses farmacologicos e tradicionais de 20 plantas tradicionalmente consideradas afrodisiacas, que poderiam ser utilizadas como compostos naturais com efeito na capacitaçao de esperma humano (AU)

The use of natural products has impacted various aspects of medicine including sexual and reproductive health, through their deleterious effect on sperm cells or as aphrodisiacs. The mechanisms of sexual performance and sperm cells quality of several aphrodisiac plants have been studied, in order of evaluating the possibility of enhancing sperm capacitation. In this literature review, the pharmacological and traditional uses of 20 aphrodisiac plants that could be used as natural agents with effect on human sperm capacitation are reported (AU)

Hepatitis D virus and hepatitis B virus infection in Amerindian communities of the Amazonas state, Colombia.

BACKGROUND: In Colombia, cases of Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection have been officially described since 1985 mainly in Amerindian population from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (North Caribbean Coast), Uraba (North West), and Amazon (South East). The last official report of a clinical case of HDV infection in Colombia was registered in 2005. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to identify cases of HDV and/or Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in asymptomatic Amerindians from Amazonas state, South East Colombia, and to describe the circulating viral genotypes in this population. STUDY DESIGN: The study population was recruited in 19 Amerindian communities in the Amazonas state. Individuals over 18 years old were screened by rapid test for Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg). Blood samples obtained from individuals positives for HBsAg in the rapid-test assay were analyzed for HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HDV IgM/IgG by ELISA. The detection of HBV DNA and HDV RNA was performed by PCR amplification. The viral genotype was determined by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 23/861 individuals were positive for HBsAg detection by rapid test. Serological and/or molecular markers of HDV infection were demonstrated in 43.5 % (10/23) of samples from Amerindians. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the exclusive circulation of HBV subgenotype F1b of and HDV 3 in this population. CONCLUSIONS: A high frequency of HBV/HDV infection was found in Amerindian population from Amazonas State, Colombia (43.5 %, 10/23). Nine cases were identified in a population of 861 asymptomatic Amerindian individuals; one symptomatic case (with diagnosis of end-stage hepatic disease) was also identified in the study. The circulation of HDV 3 and HBV subgenotype F1b suggests a constant flow of these viral genotypes as a result of the interaction of the Amerindian populations from Amazon basin. Further studies are necessary to confirm whether HBV subgenotype F1b is the prevalent in the population from South East region in Colombia.